I Beam JIS Ss400 Steel Beam/structural Steel H beam
I beam introduction
H-Steel, commonly referred to as an I-Beam, is a fundamental hot-rolled structural steel product characterized by its distinctive I-shaped cross-section. Comprising two parallel horizontal flanges connected by a vertical web, this design grants it excellent load-bearing capacity and bending resistance, making it a cornerstone material in construction, infrastructure, and industrial engineering.
Key Performance Characteristics
High Bending Strength: The I-shaped cross-section maximizes the distance between the flanges, which significantly enhances the section modulus and moment of inertia, enabling it to withstand large bending loads without excessive deformation.
Good Shear Resistance: The vertical web is engineered to effectively resist shear forces generated by external loads, ensuring structural integrity under dynamic or static stress.
Efficient Material Utilization: The cross-sectional design concentrates material in the flanges (where bending stresses are highest) and uses a thinner web for shear resistance, avoiding material waste while maintaining performance.
Easy Fabrication & Installation: Its regular shape facilitates cutting, drilling, welding, and connection with other structural components (e.g., bolts, brackets), streamlining construction processes.
Cost-Effectiveness: As a standardized hot-rolled product, it is mass-produced with mature technology, resulting in relatively low costs compared to custom-shaped structural steels.I beam introduction
H-Steel, commonly referred to as an I-Beam, is a fundamental hot-rolled structural steel product characterized by its distinctive I-shaped cross-section. Comprising two parallel horizontal flanges connected by a vertical web, this design grants it excellent load-bearing capacity and bending resistance, making it a cornerstone material in construction, infrastructure, and industrial engineering.
Key Performance Characteristics
High Bending Strength: The I-shaped cross-section maximizes the distance between the flanges, which significantly enhances the section modulus and moment of inertia, enabling it to withstand large bending loads without excessive deformation.
Good Shear Resistance: The vertical web is engineered to effectively resist shear forces generated by external loads, ensuring structural integrity under dynamic or static stress.
Efficient Material Utilization: The cross-sectional design concentrates material in the flanges (where bending stresses are highest) and uses a thinner web for shear resistance, avoiding material waste while maintaining performance.
Easy Fabrication & Installation: Its regular shape facilitates cutting, drilling, welding, and connection with other structural components (e.g., bolts, brackets), streamlining construction processes.
Cost-Effectiveness: As a standardized hot-rolled product, it is mass-produced with mature technology, resulting in relatively low costs compared to custom-shaped structural steels.
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Product Name |
Steel H Beam, H Section Steel Beams, H Shape Steel Beam, Structural Steel H Beam, H Metal Beam |
|
Sizes |
1. Web Width (H): 100-900mm |
|
2. Flange Width (B): 100-300mm |
|
|
3. Web Thickness (t1): 5-30mm |
|
|
Length |
9m 12m or Customized |
|
Standard |
JIS EN ASTM ,ect. |
|
Material |
Q235B Q345B Q420C Q460C SS400 SS540 S235 S275 S355 A36 A572 G50 G60 A992 G300 |
|
Technique |
Hot / Cold Rolled/Welding |
|
Application |
Construction structure |
|
Inspection |
SGS BV INTERTEK |
|
Packing |
In bundle fasten by steel strip |
|
Surface |
Polishing, annealing, pickling, bright |
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Machining |
Custom, Kaiping, cutting, pattern |
|
Measure |
Area, in2 |
Flange, bf |
Web, d |
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width bf, in |
Thickness tf, in |
Width d, in |
Thickness (tw) in |
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|
Minimum |
Nominal |
Maximum |
Minimum |
Nominal |
Maximum |
Minimum |
Nominal |
Maximum |
Minimum |
Nominal |
Maximum |
||
|
BEAM H 4 x 4 x 13 LBS x PIE x 40' |
3.83 |
3.873 |
4.060 |
4.310 |
0.324 |
0.345 |
N/A |
4.035 |
4.160 |
4.285 |
0.263 |
0.280 |
N/A |
|
BEAM H 4 x 4 x 13 LBS x FTx 20' |
3.83 |
3.873 |
4.060 |
4.310 |
0.324 |
0.345 |
N/A |
4.035 |
4.160 |
4.285 |
0.263 |
0.280 |
N/A |
|
BEAM H 6 x 6 x 15 LBS x PIE x 40' |
4.43 |
5.803 |
5.990 |
6.240 |
0.244 |
0.260 |
N/A |
5.865 |
5.990 |
6.115 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
|
BEAM H 6 x 6 x 15 LBS x FTx 20' |
4.43 |
5.803 |
5.990 |
6.240 |
0.244 |
0.260 |
N/A |
5.865 |
5.990 |
6.115 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
|
BEAM H 8 x 8 x 31 LBS x PIE x 40' |
9.13 |
7.808 |
7.995 |
8.245 |
0.409 |
0.435 |
N/A |
7.875 |
8.000 |
8.125 |
0.268 |
0.285 |
N/A |
|
BEAM H 8 x 8 x 31 LBS x FTx 20' |
9.13 |
7.808 |
7.995 |
8.245 |
0.409 |
0.435 |
N/A |
7.875 |
8.000 |
8.125 |
0.268 |
0.285 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 6x9 LBS x FTx 20' |
2.68 |
3.750 |
3.940 |
4.190 |
0.207 |
0.220 |
N/A |
5.780 |
5.900 |
6.030 |
0.160 |
0.170 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 6x9 LBS x FTx 40' |
2.68 |
3.750 |
3.940 |
4.190 |
0.207 |
0.220 |
N/A |
5.780 |
5.900 |
6.030 |
0.160 |
0.170 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 6x12 LBS x ft 20' |
3.55 |
3.810 |
4.000 |
4.250 |
0.263 |
0.280 |
N/A |
5.910 |
6.030 |
6.160 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 6x12 LBS x ft 40' |
3.55 |
3.810 |
4.000 |
4.250 |
0.263 |
0.280 |
N/A |
5.910 |
6.030 |
6.160 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 6 X 15 LBS X FTX 20' |
4.43 |
5.803 |
5.990 |
6.240 |
0.244 |
0.260 |
N/A |
5.865 |
5.990 |
6.115 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 6 X 15 LBS X FTX 40' |
4.43 |
5.803 |
5.990 |
6.240 |
0.244 |
0.260 |
N/A |
5.865 |
5.990 |
6.115 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 6x20 LBS x FTx 20' |
5.87 |
5.830 |
6.020 |
6.270 |
0.348 |
0.370 |
N/A |
6.080 |
6.200 |
6.330 |
0.244 |
0.260 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 6x20 LBS x FTx 40' |
5.87 |
5.830 |
6.020 |
6.270 |
0.348 |
0.370 |
N/A |
6.080 |
6.200 |
6.330 |
0.244 |
0.260 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 8x10 LBS x FTx 20' |
2.96 |
3.750 |
3.940 |
4.190 |
0.197 |
0.210 |
N/A |
7.770 |
7.890 |
8.020 |
0.160 |
0.170 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 8x10 LBS x FTx 40' |
2.96 |
3.750 |
3.940 |
4.190 |
0.197 |
0.210 |
N/A |
7.770 |
7.890 |
8.020 |
0.160 |
0.170 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 8x15 LBS x FTx 20' |
4.44 |
3.830 |
4.020 |
4.270 |
0.301 |
0.320 |
N/A |
7.990 |
8.110 |
8.240 |
0.235 |
0.250 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 8x15 LBS x FTx 40' |
4.44 |
3.830 |
4.020 |
4.270 |
0.301 |
0.320 |
N/A |
7.990 |
8.110 |
8.240 |
0.235 |
0.250 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 8x18 LBS x FTx 20' |
5.26 |
5.060 |
5.250 |
5.500 |
0.310 |
0.330 |
N/A |
8.020 |
8.140 |
8.270 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 8x18 LBS x FTx 40' |
5.26 |
5.060 |
5.250 |
5.500 |
0.310 |
0.330 |
N/A |
8.020 |
8.140 |
8.270 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 8x24 LBS x FTx 20' |
7.08 |
6.310 |
6.500 |
6.750 |
0.376 |
0.400 |
N/A |
7.810 |
7.930 |
8.060 |
0.235 |
0.250 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 8x24 LBS x FTx 40' |
7.08 |
6.310 |
6.500 |
6.750 |
0.376 |
0.400 |
N/A |
7.810 |
7.930 |
8.060 |
0.235 |
0.250 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 10 X 12 LBS X FTX 20' |
3.54 |
3.770 |
3.960 |
4.210 |
0.197 |
0.210 |
N/A |
9.750 |
9.870 |
10.000 |
0.179 |
0.190 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 10x12 LBS x FTx 40' |
3.54 |
3.770 |
3.960 |
4.210 |
0.197 |
0.210 |
N/A |
9.750 |
9.870 |
10.000 |
0.179 |
0.190 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 10 X 15 LBS X FTX 20' |
4.41 |
3.810 |
4.000 |
4.250 |
0.254 |
0.270 |
N/A |
9.870 |
9.990 |
10.120 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 10x15 LBS x FTx 40' |
4.41 |
3.810 |
4.000 |
4.250 |
0.254 |
0.270 |
N/A |
9.870 |
9.990 |
10.120 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 10 X 17 LBS X FTX 20' |
4.99 |
3.820 |
4.010 |
4.260 |
0.310 |
0.330 |
N/A |
9.990 |
10.110 |
10.240 |
0.226 |
0.240 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 10x17 LBS x FTx 40' |
4.99 |
3.820 |
4.010 |
4.260 |
0.310 |
0.330 |
N/A |
9.990 |
10.110 |
10.240 |
0.226 |
0.240 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 10 X 19 LBS X FTX 20' |
5.62 |
3.830 |
4.020 |
4.270 |
0.371 |
0.395 |
N/A |
10.120 |
10.240 |
10.370 |
0.235 |
0.250 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 10x19 LBS x FTx 40' |
5.62 |
3.830 |
4.020 |
4.270 |
0.371 |
0.395 |
N/A |
10.120 |
10.240 |
10.370 |
0.235 |
0.250 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 10 X 22 LBS X FTX 20' |
6.49 |
5.560 |
57.750 |
6.000 |
0.338 |
0.360 |
N/A |
10.050 |
10.170 |
10.300 |
0.226 |
0.240 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 10x22 LBS x FTx 40' |
6.49 |
5.560 |
57.750 |
6.000 |
0.338 |
0.360 |
N/A |
10.050 |
10.170 |
10.300 |
0.226 |
0.240 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 10 X 26 LBS X FTX 20' |
7.61 |
5.580 |
5.770 |
6.020 |
0.414 |
0.440 |
N/A |
10.210 |
10.330 |
10.460 |
0.244 |
0.260 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 10x26 LBS x FTx 40' |
7.61 |
5.580 |
5.770 |
6.020 |
0.414 |
0.440 |
N/A |
10.210 |
10.330 |
10.460 |
0.244 |
0.260 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 10 X 30 LBS X FTX 20' |
8.84 |
5.620 |
5.810 |
6.060 |
0.479 |
0.510 |
N/A |
10.350 |
10.470 |
10.600 |
0.282 |
0.300 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 10x30 LBS x FTx 40' |
8.84 |
5.620 |
5.810 |
6.060 |
0.479 |
0.510 |
N/A |
10.350 |
10.470 |
10.600 |
0.282 |
0.300 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 10 X 33 LBS X FTX 20' |
9.71 |
7.770 |
7.960 |
8.210 |
0.409 |
0.435 |
N/A |
9.610 |
9.730 |
9.860 |
0.273 |
0.290 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 10 X 39 X 40' |
11.50 |
7.798 |
7.985 |
8.235 |
0.498 |
0.530 |
N/A |
9.795 |
9.920 |
10.045 |
7.506 |
7.985 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 10x33 LBS x FTx 40' |
9.71 |
7.770 |
7.960 |
8.210 |
0.409 |
0.435 |
N/A |
9.610 |
9.730 |
9.860 |
0.273 |
0.290 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 10x45 LBS x FTx 40' |
13.30 |
7.830 |
8.020 |
8.270 |
0.583 |
0.620 |
N/A |
9.980 |
10.100 |
10.230 |
0.329 |
0.350 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 10 X 49 LBS X FTX 40' |
14.40 |
9.813 |
10.000 |
10.250 |
0.526 |
0.560 |
N/A |
9.855 |
9.980 |
10.105 |
0.320 |
0.340 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 10 X 60 LBS X FTX 20' |
17.60 |
9.893 |
10.080 |
10.330 |
0.639 |
0.680 |
N/A |
10.095 |
10.220 |
10.345 |
0.395 |
0.420 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 10 X 60 LBS X FTX 40' |
17.60 |
9.893 |
10.080 |
10.330 |
0.639 |
0.680 |
N/A |
10.095 |
10.220 |
10.345 |
0.395 |
0.420 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 12 x 14 LBS x FTx 20' |
4.16 |
3.780 |
3.970 |
4.220 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
11.780 |
11.910 |
12.040 |
0.188 |
0.200 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 12 X 14 LBS X FTX 40' |
4.16 |
3.780 |
3.970 |
4.220 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
11.780 |
11.910 |
12.040 |
0.188 |
0.200 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 12x16 LBS x FTx 20' |
4.71 |
3.800 |
3.990 |
4.240 |
0.254 |
0.270 |
N/A |
11.870 |
11.990 |
12.120 |
0.207 |
0.220 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 12x16 LBS x FTx 40' |
4.71 |
3.800 |
3.990 |
4.240 |
0.254 |
0.270 |
N/A |
11.870 |
11.990 |
12.120 |
0.207 |
0.220 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 12x19 LBS x FTx 20' |
5.57 |
3.820 |
4.010 |
4.260 |
0.329 |
0.350 |
N/A |
12.020 |
12.160 |
12.290 |
0.226 |
0.240 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 12x19 LBS x FTx 40' |
5.57 |
3.820 |
4.010 |
4.260 |
0.329 |
0.350 |
N/A |
12.020 |
12.160 |
12.290 |
0.226 |
0.240 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 12x22 LBS x FTx 20' |
6.48 |
3.840 |
4.030 |
4.280 |
0.404 |
0.430 |
N/A |
12.190 |
12.310 |
12.440 |
0.244 |
0.260 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 12x22 LBS x FTx 40' |
6.48 |
3.840 |
4.030 |
4.280 |
0.404 |
0.430 |
N/A |
12.190 |
12.310 |
12.440 |
0.244 |
0.260 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 12x26 LBS x FTx 20' |
7.65 |
6.300 |
6.490 |
6.740 |
0.357 |
0.380 |
N/A |
12.100 |
12.220 |
12.350 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 12x26 LBS x FTx 40' |
7.65 |
6.300 |
6.490 |
6.740 |
0.357 |
0.380 |
N/A |
12.100 |
12.220 |
12.350 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 12x30 LBS x FTx 20' |
8.79 |
6.330 |
6.520 |
6.770 |
0.414 |
0.440 |
N/A |
12.220 |
12.340 |
12.470 |
0.244 |
0.260 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 12x30 LBS x FTx 40' |
8.79 |
6.330 |
6.520 |
6.770 |
0.414 |
0.440 |
N/A |
12.220 |
12.340 |
12.470 |
0.244 |
0.260 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 12x35 LBS x FTx 20' |
10.30 |
6.370 |
6.560 |
6.810 |
0.489 |
0.520 |
N/A |
12.380 |
12.500 |
12.630 |
0.282 |
0.300 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 12x35 LBS x FTx 40' |
10.30 |
6.370 |
6.560 |
6.810 |
0.489 |
0.520 |
N/A |
12.380 |
12.500 |
12.630 |
0.282 |
0.300 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 12x40 LBS x FTx 20' |
11.80 |
7.820 |
8.010 |
8.260 |
0.484 |
0.515 |
N/A |
11.820 |
11.940 |
12.070 |
0.282 |
0.300 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 12x40 LBS x FTx 40' |
11.80 |
7.820 |
8.010 |
8.260 |
0.484 |
0.515 |
N/A |
11.820 |
11.940 |
12.070 |
0.282 |
0.300 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 12 X 45 LBS X FTX 40' |
13.20 |
7.858 |
8.045 |
8.295 |
0.541 |
0.575 |
N/A |
11.935 |
12.060 |
12.185 |
0.315 |
0.335 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 12X 65. LBS X FTX20P |
19.10 |
11.813 |
12.000 |
12.250 |
0.569 |
0.605 |
N/A |
11.995 |
12.120 |
12.245 |
0.367 |
0.390 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x22 LBS x FTx 20' |
6.49 |
4.810 |
5.000 |
5.250 |
0.315 |
0.335 |
N/A |
13.620 |
13.740 |
13.870 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x22 LBS x FTx 40' |
6.49 |
4.810 |
5.000 |
5.250 |
0.315 |
0.335 |
N/A |
13.620 |
13.740 |
13.870 |
0.216 |
0.230 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x26 LBS x FTx 20' |
7.69 |
4.840 |
5.030 |
5.280 |
0.395 |
0.420 |
N/A |
13.790 |
13.910 |
14.040 |
0.244 |
0.260 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x26 LBS x FTx 40' |
7.69 |
4.840 |
5.030 |
5.280 |
0.395 |
0.420 |
N/A |
13.790 |
13.910 |
14.040 |
0.244 |
0.260 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x30 LBS x FTx 20' |
8.85 |
6.540 |
6.730 |
6.980 |
0.362 |
0.385 |
N/A |
13.720 |
13.840 |
13.970 |
0.254 |
0.270 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x30 LBS x FTx 40' |
8.85 |
6.540 |
6.730 |
6.980 |
0.362 |
0.385 |
N/A |
13.720 |
13.840 |
13.970 |
0.254 |
0.270 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 14 X 34 LBS X FTX 20' |
10.00 |
6.558 |
6.745 |
6.995 |
0.428 |
0.455 |
N/A |
13.855 |
13.980 |
14.105 |
0.268 |
0.285 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 14 X 34 LBS X FTX 40' |
10.00 |
6.558 |
6.745 |
6.995 |
0.428 |
0.455 |
N/A |
13.855 |
13.980 |
14.105 |
0.268 |
0.285 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x38 LBS x FTx 20' |
11.20 |
6.580 |
6.770 |
7.020 |
0.484 |
0.515 |
N/A |
13.980 |
14.100 |
14.230 |
0.291 |
0.310 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x38 LBS x FTx 40' |
11.20 |
6.580 |
6.770 |
7.020 |
0.484 |
0.515 |
N/A |
13.980 |
14.100 |
14.230 |
0.291 |
0.310 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x43 LBS x FTx 40' |
12.60 |
7.810 |
8.000 |
8.250 |
0.498 |
0.530 |
N/A |
13.540 |
13.660 |
13.790 |
0.291 |
0.310 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x48 LBS x FTx 20' |
14.10 |
7.840 |
8.030 |
8.280 |
0.559 |
0.595 |
N/A |
13.670 |
13.790 |
13.920 |
0.320 |
0.340 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x48 LBS x FTx 40' |
14.10 |
7.840 |
8.030 |
8.280 |
0.559 |
0.595 |
N/A |
13.670 |
13.790 |
13.920 |
0.320 |
0.340 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 14 X 53 LBS X FTX 20' |
15.50 |
7.873 |
8.060 |
8.310 |
0.620 |
0.660 |
N/A |
13.795 |
13.920 |
14.045 |
0.348 |
0.370 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 14 X 53 LBS X FTX 40' |
15.50 |
7.873 |
8.060 |
8.310 |
0.620 |
0.660 |
N/A |
13.795 |
13.920 |
14.045 |
0.348 |
0.370 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x68 LBS x FTx 20' |
20.00 |
9.850 |
10.040 |
10.290 |
0.677 |
0.720 |
N/A |
13.920 |
14.040 |
14.170 |
0.395 |
0.420 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x68 LBS x FTx 40' |
20.00 |
9.850 |
10.040 |
10.290 |
0.677 |
0.720 |
N/A |
13.920 |
14.040 |
14.170 |
0.395 |
0.420 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x74 LBS x FTx 40' |
21.80 |
9.880 |
10.070 |
10.320 |
0.738 |
0.785 |
N/A |
14.050 |
14.170 |
14.300 |
0.423 |
0.450 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x82 LBS x FTx 20' |
24.10 |
9.930 |
10.120 |
10.370 |
0.804 |
0.855 |
N/A |
14.190 |
14.310 |
14.440 |
0.479 |
0.510 |
N/A |
|
Beam WF 14x82 LBS x FTx 40' |
24.10 |
9.930 |
10.120 |
10.370 |
0.804 |
0.855 |
N/A |
14.190 |
14.310 |
14.440 |
0.479 |
0.510 |
N/A |
|
BEAM WF 14X 90 LBS X FTX40P |
26.50 |
14.333 |
14.520 |
14.770 |
0.667 |
0.710 |
N/A |
13.895 |
14.020 |
14.145 |
0.414 |
0.440 |
N/A |
According to grade 50 for ASTM A572 and ASTM A992 Standard
|
Yield strength, psi |
Tensile strength, psi |
Elongation in 8” |
Elongation in 2” |
|
50,000 |
65,000 |
18 |
21 |
Chemical composition
The beams must have a chemical composition in accordance with ASTM A572 and ASTM A992.
|
Element |
ASTM A572 |
ASTM A992 |
|
C |
0.23 |
0.23 |
|
Mn |
1.35 |
0.50 - 1.60 |
|
P |
0.03 |
0.035 |
|
S |
0.03 |
0.045 |
|
Si, max |
|
0.4 |
|
V, max |
|
0.15 |
|
Nb, max. |
|
0.05 |
|
Cu, max. |
|
0.6 |
|
Ni, max. |
|
0.45 |
|
Cr, max. |
|
0.35 |
|
Mo, max. |
|
0.15 |
Maximum values of V, Nb, Ti and N2 depends on de beam
Superficial quality
Rust: No oxidation or slight oxidation on no more than 50% of the surface. No corrosion
Free of surface lamination defects (no mil defects)
Cut: Straight, without residue (straight cut).
Handling and storage
Loading and unloading
Katherine A. Fogg
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